Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) play a crucial role in intelligent logistics, where localization accuracy and motion robustness directly impact system efficiency. A critical challenge in AGV research is achieving accurate localization and robust control using simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) while avoiding the reliance on fixed markers. This paper proposes a high-precision localization and robust control method for single-steering-wheel AGVs based on two-dimensional (2D) laser SLAM and a pure pursuit tracking approach. To enhance environmental perception, a laser sensor is mounted on top of the AGV, and a 2D occupancy grid map is constructed for localization in structured indoor environments. Motion control is achieved through a preview-distance-based pure pursuit algorithm combined with flexible acceleration-deceleration strategy, ensuring smooth trajectory tracking. Experimental validation in real-world indoor logistics environments demonstrates the system′s accuracy, achieving a localization precision of ±5 mm over 2 000 laser-based positioning instances, a straight-line trajectory tracking accuracy of 25 mm, and a repeatability precision of ±6 mm across 120 task executions. The proposed system provides a high-precision, marker-free localization and control solution, supporting cost-effective AGV upgrades and advancing intelligent logistics.