The lateral resolution detection of ophthalmic optical coherence tomography (OCT) equipment is easily affected by the noise and interference fringes in spot image. To improve the accuracy of lateral resolution detection, an ophthalmic OCT equipment lateral resolution detection method based on dynamic weight particle swarm optimization (DWPSO) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, through constructing the dynamic weight factor, the local PSO algorithm is improved and the DWPSO algorithm is established. Then, the beam intensity distribution model is established. The DWPSO algorithm is adopted to identify the beam intensity distribution model parameters, and the beam width is obtained. Finally, the least squares algorithm is used to fit the beam width, and the numerical aperture is obtained. On this basis, the numerical aperture is used to achieve the lateral resolution detection of ophthalmic OCT equipment. The experiment results indicate that the DWPSO algorithm can quickly obtain the global optimal solution of the beam intensity distribution model compared with other algorithms. The lateral resolution of the measured ophthalmic OCT equipment is 1821 μm on close focus, and its lateral resolution is 4991 μm on far focus. The proposed lateral resolution detection method can effectively reduce the influence of noise and interference fringes in spot image, and has good noise robustness.