Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is widely applied in aerospace field, the implementation of structural health monitoring is significant to improve the detection level of damage tolerance during the process of airworthiness certification and reduce test cost. Aiming at the CFRP laminate structure used in airplane, the selfsensing and the sensitive electrical characteristics of CFRP structural damage are utilized. A nondestructive impedance test method based on fourprobe is proposed to realize fast structural health monitoring with noninvasion, nonradiation and low cost. The anisotropic CFRP laminate models are built with COMSOL finite element software, and comparative analyses of the effect of different types of structural damages detection are conducted by extracting the effective voltage difference and voltage sensitivity parameter. Therefore, the optimal incentive measurement model for CFRP laminate structure damage detection can be obtained. Comprehensive experimental results show that the excitation of double electrodes has a better overall performance.