The double roller-guide involute measuring instrument is a kind of involute measuring instrument with no abbey error, few error sources, and high measurement accuracy, which is commonly used to measure the class-1 gear involute artifacts or class-1 standard gears. The effect of ambient temperature on the double roller-guide involute measuring instrument and gear involute artifact is analyzed. The change of the ambient temperature would not bring about the profile slope deviation as the thermal expansion coefficient of the roller of the double roller-guide involute measuring instrument and the gear involute artifact to be measured are the same. However, when the thermal expansion coefficient of the roller and the gear involute artifact is different, the profile slope deviation under the change of the ambient temperature within 20℃ ± 5℃ is linear with the ambient temperature. The variation of ambient temperature only causes nanometer-scale profile form deviaiton in both case and can be neglected. The thermal expansion simulation of the gear involute artifact, roller, and the guide is verified by ANSYS. The measurement experiments for profile deviation at different ambient temperatures are implemented on the same tooth surface of the gear involute artifact made of GCr15 steel. As the ambient temperature changes, the profile slope deviation measured by the roller made of GCr15 steel does not change significantly, and the change of profile slope deviation measured by the roller made of SiC ceramic material is 0. 71 μm/ ℃ , which is basically consistent with the theoretical value of 0. 73 μm/ ℃ , and the tooth profile form deviation measured by the roller of both materials does not change significantly.