In the field of structure health monitoring, compared to body waves, ultrasonic guided waves have advantages of long transmission distance, large coverage, and low inspection cost. This article proposes a synchronous implementation method of data transmission and defect detection based on Lamb waves, which realizes the multi-functional multiplexing of the ultrasound system. The Lamb wave mode tuning theory is evaluated by the theoretical simulation and frequency sweeping experiments. A piezoelectric wafer active sensor is used to excite S0 mode Lamb waves on the aluminum plate at a center frequency of 500 kHz for data transmission and defect detection. To solve the cross-talk problem caused by Lamb wave boundary reflection, a shift-invariant sparse coding method is used to recover the information. The information transmission rate of 100 kbps is successfully achieved on the aluminum plate with reflected boundary, and the bit error rate is 0. Meanwhile, atomic signals in shift-invariant sparse coding are used to detect structural defects. The precise location of defects is realized according to synthetic aperture focusing technology, and the positioning error is less than 0. 2% .