The micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) can achieve high-resolution imaging for objects completely contained in the field of view (FOV) by circular scanning. For the CT imaging of large objects beyond the FOV, the source translation based CT (STCT) is proposed, which collects data by moving the X-ray source along the straight trajectory. It has characteristics of simple structure and flexible application. But only part of the object can be illuminated at each source′s position during the STCT scanning, which causes the projection data truncated. For the enhancement of reconstruction efficiency and the processing of truncated projection data, the data rearrangement based filtered backprojection (rFBP) algorithm is proposed in this article. Based on STCT′s scanning characteristics and X-ray attenuation properties, this algorithm rearranges the truncated projection data into the global projection data by inverting the source sampling point and the detector unit, and the rFBP algorithm expression is deduced. Numerical simulations and practical experiments are performed. Results validate the effectiveness and practicability of the rFBP algorithm. The reconstruction time is reduced to 0. 6% of that of SIRT algorithm. The rFBP algorithm could accurately and efficiently reconstruct images of STCT.