The existing wired structured light 3D imaging system has the problems of tedious calibration steps and low robustness. To address these issues, this paper proposes a 3D imaging method based on the single plane calibration of linear structured light, which could achieve high accuracy and high robustness of 3D imaging. The 3D imaging method simplifies the calibration steps of 3D space and improves the robustness of the system by constructing a single plane mapping model from the structured light plane to the imaging plane. In this model, the coordinates of the corners in the checkerboard image are used as the control points for the calibration of the line structured light plane, which improves the number of control points and reduces the accidental error. The model does not need to estimate the internal and external parameter matrix of the imaging system, which can simplify the intermediate steps of calibration and improve the repeatability and accuracy of calibration. In addition, the model does not need to calculate the center point of the light stripe in the line structured light image, which avoids the influence of image algorithm errors on the calibration results. Experimental results show that the calibration procedure of the 3D imaging method is simple and has many calibration control points. The robustness of the calibration is high, the calibration average distance residual is 0. 158 mm, and the repeatability measurement accuracy of single point is better than ±1 μm.