Laser ranging has become the mainstream technology in the field of high-precision spatial perception due to its excellent directionality, long-distance transmission capability, and anti-interference performance. Especially in recent years, the growth of smart city construction and military reconnaissance demands have driven the technology of high-precision ranging and positioning for UAV-mounted systems to become a research hotspot. Addressing the issues of wide-ranging error sources and large positioning errors in airborne laser rangefinders, this paper proposes a multi-dimensional joint calibration and guidancepositioning method. First, the error sources, generation mechanisms, and spatiotemporal correlations of airborne rangefinder calibration and positioning are systematically studied and analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for algorithm research. Second, a calibration method for airborne laser rangefinders is designed, which integrates mechanical alignment, pod spatial calibration, and sensor time synchronization, reducing the ranging error of unmanned aerial vehicles in low altitude flight scenarios. Subsequently, a guidance-positioning method is proposed, which achieves high-precision target positioning through active detection, laser guidance, and geometric calculation. Finally, the calibration and positioning methods are experimentally validated in scenarios of variable speed and turning motion scenarios. The experimental results show that when measuring targets within a 10 000 m range, the proposed method yields a distance measurement error of less than 2 m. Compared with the single drone positioning method, the average distance error of the guided positioning algorithm in variable speed motion is 2.22 m, and the positioning accuracy is improved by 80%, meeting the high-precision calibration and positioning requirements of drone detection.