As a key equipment for continuous, long-distance, and high-volume transportation of various discrete materials, intelligent belt conveyors have drawn high attention in recent years. Research on their health monitoring technology is of great significance in promoting deep intelligence of belt conveyors, ensuring stable and efficient operation, and achieving comprehensive intelligent protection and safe production. This article first takes the key components of belt conveyors, such as conveyor belts, idlers, drums, and reducers as research objects. The research progress of related health monitoring methods is analyzed, which are mainly divided into three aspects: Information perception and processing, fault diagnosis, and status evaluation and prediction. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of existing health monitoring technologies for intelligent belt conveyors are summarized. The existing problems and potential challenges are analyzed. Finally, from the aspects of multi-source state perception and preprocessing technology, early fault diagnosis technology, health assessment and prediction technology, full state networked monitoring technology, and digital twin monitoring technology, the potential directions with research value for the future are given.