Harvesting energy from the transportation environment to monitor the health status of transportation infrastructure is not only convenient and sustainable, but also zero-carbon and environmentally friendly. It is beneficial to the realization of China′s “dual carbon” goal. At present, there are many researches on energy harvesting of transportation environment and health monitoring of transportation infrastructure. However, there are no reports that summarize and refine the self-powered transportation infrastructure health monitoring technologies. This article outlines the energy source and electromechanical conversion mechanisms of transportation environment, elaborates the basic content and research progress of the health state monitoring of traffic infrastructure, and emphasizes that energy harvesting of transportation environment is a potential solution to the problem of power supply for transportation infrastructure health monitoring. The detailed discussions include the energy harvesting technologies in transportation environments and the applications of self-powered transportation infrastructure health monitoring, and the challenges and prospects of self-powered transportation infrastructure health monitoring.